Biodiesel:
What are Biofuels ?
  • Renewable fuels from bio sources
  • Include
             Ethanol
             Biodiesel
             Bio-hydrogen
             Biogas.
    • Why Biofuels?  
  • SUSTAINABILITY
  • POLLUTION THREAT
  • REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
  • REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE
  • SECURITY OF SUPPLY.
    • FIRST USE OF PEANUT OIL IN 1895 BY DR RUDLOF DIESEL
    The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time.

    WORLD EXPERIENCE ON BIODIESEL

    BIODIESEL IN EUROPE
    • Biodiesel has been produced on an industrial scale in EU since 1992, largely in response to positive signals from the EU institutions.
    • In 2001, it is estimated that some twenty plants produced around 1 million tonnes, mainly in
      -         Austria,
      -         Belgium,
      -         France,
      -         Germany,
      -         Italy,
      -         Sweden.

    Total biodiesel production in 2000 (mt)

    France

    328,000

    Germany

    246,000

    Italy

    78,000

    Austria

    27,600

    Belgium

    20,000

    Total

    700,600

    The germen biodiesel sector saw the biggest production increase of the five countries in 2000. Its growth rate was 31% with total production of 246,000mt compared with 171,000mt in 1999.
     
    EU TARGETS FOR BIOFUEL
     

    Biofuel

    Year

    Market

    Biodiesel

    2003

    2.3MMT

    Biodiesel

    2010

    8.3MMT

    Biodiesel

    2000

    504M$

    Biodiesel

    2007

    2.4B$

    Ethanol

    2003

    8.3MMT

    Ethanol

    2010

    9.7MMT

    * Biodiesel growth : 25%/Year  
    * Germany/Austria-no tax, UK 20% lower tax  
    * Other Counties 0-10% of diesel Tax  
     
    US Lead – A Senate Report
    • Analyze the agricultural sector and macroeconomic impacts of the Hagal-Johnson renewable energy bill (S.1006)
    • Requires a minimum percentage of motor vehicle fuel sold in the U.S. must be renewable fuel.
    • 8% in 2002 to 5% by 2012 ( Now May be 8% )
    • Renewable fuels are biodiesel, ethanol or fuel produced from biomass and biogas.

    BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

     

    DIESEL

    CNG

    LNG

    METHANOL

    ETHANOL

    BIODIESEL

    Vehicle cost

    10

    5

    5

    5

    5

    10

    Infrastructure

    10

    2

    5

    5

    5

    10

    Safety

    7

    4

    3

    1

    3

    8

    Operating range

    10

    5

    10

    10

    10

    10

    Operating cost

    10

    5

    7

    5

    5

    7

    Reliability

    10

    7

    5

    3

    3

    10

    Customer-    acceptance

    5

    8

    8

    8

    9

    8

    Funding- assistance

    1

    10

    2

    0

    2

    2

    Training cost

    10

    5

    5

    5

    5

    10

    Fuel availability

    10

    10

    5

    5

    5

    6

    Fuel quality

    9

    5

    10

    8

    8

    9

    Fuel price stability

    6

    8

    8

    6

    6

    6

    TOTAL

    98

    74

    73

    61

    66

    96

     

    Father of Bio-diesel

    DR. RUDOLF DIESEL ( 1858 - 1913 )

    Dr. Rudolf Diesel who invented the first Diesel Engine in 1895 used only Bio-Diesel in his engine.

    His visionary statement was :

    “The use of vegetable oils for engine fuel may seem insignificant today. But, such oils may become in course of time, as important as petroleum and coal tar products of the present time.”

    The above prediction is becoming true today as more and more Bio-Diesel is being used all over the world. Thus Indian Railways is in the forefront in reintroducing the age-old environmentally friendly and renewable source of energy for its locomotives and road vehicles in a more scientific and technologically advanced manner, helping the country & environment.

                                                                                                - Courtesy : Southern Railway - Chennai

    DR. RUDOLF DIESEL ( 1858 - 1913 )
    Dr. Rudolf Diesel who invented the first Diesel Engine in 1895 used only Bio-Diesel in his engine.

    Rudolf Diesel invented the Diesel engine, but at that time bio-diesel was not yet known.

    He himself made tests with cheap derivatives of petroleum. Their reference fuel was always the petroleum for lamps in USA.

    In 1900 at the World Fair in Paris, a small version of a diesel engine run on plant oil (pea nut oil). This was organized by the French society for the support of the Otto engine.

    Bio-diesel was invented much later and became technically relevant only after the energy crisis in the year 1973 and afterwards.

    The Rudolf Diesel memorial day is wrong. The birthday of Rudolf Diesel was the 18. March 1859; he died the 13. Nov. 1913.
     
    WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?
    Biodiesel is vegetable oil processed to reseble Ciesel Fuel
      1. High Catena
      1. High lubricity
      1. Comparable BTU content
      1. Readily mixes with diesel
      1. Ready to use in diesel run engines
    IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL
      1. Environment friendly
      1. Clean burning 
      1. Renewable fuel 
      1. No engine modification 
      1. Increase in engine life 
      1. Biodegradable and non-toxic
      1. Easy to handle and store.
    BIODIESEL
      1. Made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol
      1. Most of the oils, edible & non-edible are suitable

    •  Selection of feed stock based on 
        - Availability
        - Price
        - Policy

    • France, Germany & Italy currently the leaders.

    MATERIALS
      1. Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)
      1. Sunflower oil (10% Italy and Southern France)
      1. Soybean oil (USA & Brazil)
      1. Palm oil (Malaysia)
      1. Linseed, olive oils (Spain)
      1. Cottonseed oil (Greece)
      1. Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), hatrpha (Nicaragua & South Americas), Guang-Pi (China)

    BASIC REACTION
     

    CH2COOR”

    ׀

    CHCOOR”

    ׀

    CH2COOR”’

     

     

    3 ROH

     

    Catalyst

     

    CH2OH

    ׀

    CHOH

    ׀

    CH2OH

    R’COOP

    +

    R”COOR

    +

    R”’COOR

    60 Kg

     

    Oil

    6.78Kg

     

    Alcohol

    0.60Kg

     

    NaOH

    6.5Kg

     

    Glycerin

    58 Kg

     

    Biodiesel

     

    BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS
     

    PROPERTIES

    UNIT

    DIN 51606(1997)

    ASTM (2001)6751

    Density

    G/cm³

    0.875-0.90

    --

    Carbon Residue (100%)

    % mass

    Max 0.05

    Max 0.050

    Ash Content

    % mass

    Max 0.02

    Max 0.020

    Total Sulfur

    % mass

    Max 0.01

    Max 0.05

    Cetane No.

    --

    Min 49

    Max 40

    Flash Point

    ˚C

    Min 110

    Min 100

    Copper Corrosion

    Degree

    1

    No. 3b max

    Viscosity, 40˚C

    mm²/s (cSt)

    3.5-5.0

    1.9-6.0

    Neutralization Value

    Mg

    Max 0.05

    Max 0.8

    Free Glycerin

    % mass

    Max 0.02

    Max 0.02

    Total Glycerin

    % mass

    Max 0.25

    Max 0.24

    CFPP

    Summer (˚C)

    Max 0.0

    --

    Winter (˚C)

    Max –15

    --

     

                     BIODIESEL PROCESS AT IOC (R&D)
     
  • Base catalyzed Transesterification of oil 
    1. RAW MATERIALS USED

            * Rice Bran oil

            * Sunflower oil

            * Mohuva oil

            * Rapeseed oil

            * Japtropha oil

            * Karanjia oil

    SCALE: 100g to 60kg batch

    IOC R&D BIODIESEL PILOT-PLANT
    BIODIESEL- Why Lower Emissions?
    • Biodiesel has high cetane
    • In built Oxygen content
    • Burns fully
    • Has no Sulphur
    • No Aromatics
    • Complete CO2 cycle

    Emissions Reductions   B20 emissions reductions compared to petroleum diesel:
    1. - Carbon monoxide - 20%
    2. - Unburned hydrocarbons - 30%
    3. - Particulate matter - 22%
    4. - Sulfates - 20%
    5. - NPAH - 50%   
    1. - Mutagenicity - 20%


    Environmental Concerns
    Emissions by combustion engine (100B)  

    Emission

    Reduction (%)

    CO

    67

    HC

    30

    PM

    68

    SOOT

    50

    PAH

    85

    CO2

    100

    NOX

    +/-2—6

    S

    80-100

     

     

     

    WIDE ACCEPTANCE

    By Diesel vehicle industry

    Audi

    BMW

    Case

    Class

    Deutz

    Iseki    

    John Deere

    Kubota

    Massey-Ferguson

     

    Mercedes-Benze

    Nissan

    Puegot

    Renault

    Same

    Seat

    Skoda Steyr

                        Valmer

    Volkswagen 

    Volvo

     

     

     

  •  By the fuel trade; e.g., ELF, Texaco, Shell, Total
  •  By the end-user-bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry enterprises, railroad, boat owners
  •  A total of 128 production sites (capacity 500-120,000 tons/annum)

    • LUBRICITY-Major Benefit
    LONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN EUROP & THE US

    EXXON STUDY

    • B20 PROVIDE, SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENT IN WEAR FILM FORMING ABILITY – 93% FILM (B20); 32% FILM (DIESEL)  

    • EPA RULE (JAN. 2001) TO BRING DOWN SULFUR CONTENT IN DIESEL FROM 500 ppm TO 15 ppm BY 2009.

    • LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT UPTO 2% OF BIODIESEL IS ENOUGH
      TO MAKE ANY DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS.

    FUEL CONSUMPTION
      1. Biodiesel contains ~10% oxygen
      1. Brake-specific fuel consumption figures
     Petrodiesel  lb/HP-hr 0.43
    B20 0.44
    B 100 0.50
     

    BIODIESEL IS REALITY NOW  

      1. Large number of surveys done
      1. Variety of food stocks tested
      1. Transesterification developed on commercial scale
      1. Biodiesel specs. By ASTM & others
      1. About 40 million mile testing
      1. Approval by auto OEM’s
      1. Tax structure in place in several countries
      1. Future projections fired up
      1. Legalisations in place in many countries

    • INDIA HAS TROPICAL ADVANTAGE

      1. ENORMOUS WASTE LANDS & CHEAP FARM LABOUR
      1. BIODIESEL IN INDIA CAN BE SUCCESS STORY

    US RAILROAD BIODIESEL

    • Sierra Railroad in California, oldest company

    • First to use biodiesel as fuel

    • 1500 locos to be converted

    • Need 30 million gallon of Biofuels/Year

    • 3.5 lack acres of land farm

    • 3000 additional jobs 

    • Shall meet EPA norms for 2009

    RAIL ROAD TEST PROGRAM ON BIODIESEL (1999)  

    • 4000 HP (2984 KW) gas turbine powered passenger locomotive

    • Several Biofuels tested (REE, SME, etc)

    • Turbine maintenance cost compared

    • Energy content, compatibilities, emission, cost compared to diesel

    • Emission data studies

    • Cost/Km/Unit energy (power) calculated

    • Biodiesel holds future in railroad applications

    • Remarkable reduction in emission

    BIODIESEL AND ECONOMY

      1. An  increase of $1 per barrel of crude oil prices adds $425 million to our oil import bill.
      1. Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has an enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs.
      1. The US dept of Energy estimates that each $billion of trade deficit costs the US 27,000 jobs.
      1. Developing a strong market for biodiesel would have tremendous economic benefits.
      1. Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure that we have transportation fuel options and we will not be so vulnerable.

    THE INDIAN SCENE
      1. Annual growth rate ~6% compared to world average of 2%
      1. Oil pool deficit & Subsidies Rs. 16,000 crores, Rs. 18,440 crores (1996-97)
      1. Current per capita usage of petroleum is abysmally low (0.1 ton/year) against 4.0 in Germany or 1.5 tons in Malaysia
      1. Even Malaysia’s  figure would be beyond our paying capacity
      1. Our domestic production would meet only 33% of demand at the end of 10th plan and only 27% by 2010-11
      1. INVESTMENT IN BIOFUELS MAKE STRONG ECONOMIC SENSE

    CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?  
      1. India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 16% of the human population and 17% of the cattle population
      1. India is one of the largest importers of edible oil
      1. Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?
      1. A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be found before we can think of biodiesel

    JATROPHA MAY BE THE ANSWER?
      1.   According to the Economic Survey (1995-96), Govt of in India, of the cultivable land area about 100-150 million hectares are classified as wast or degraded land
      1.  Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type of soil
        -         Need minimal inputs or management  
        -         Has no insect, pests & not browsed bt cattle or sheep  
        -         Can survive long periods of drought  
        -         Propagation is easy  
        -         Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years  
        -         25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction  
        -         the meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein, N:P:K ratio 2.7:.2:1)

    JATROPHA PLANTATION  

    Study by Agro-Forestry federation - Maharashtra (1991)

      1. Jatropha is a hardy plant.
      1. Well adopted to arid, semi - arid conditions.  
      1. Low fertility and moisture demand. 
      1. Grow on stony, shallow or even calcareous Soil. 
      1. Propagated through seed or cuttings. 
      1. Tolerate to scanty to heavy rainfall.  

    JATROPHA PLANTATION  
      1. 5-6Kg seed / hectare, 2500 plants / hectare .
      1. Expected Yields.

    Year after planting

    Expected yield  per ha. Rainfed Crop (Kg.)

    Expected yield per ha. Irrigated Crop (Kg.)

    1st

    --

    250

    2nd

    250

    1000

    3rd

    1000

    2500

    4th

    2000

    5000

    5th

    3000

    8000

    6th

    4000

    12000

     

    BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA
      1.  IF
        - 10 MILLION HECTARES OS WAST IS BROUGHT UNDER JATROPHA
        CULTIVATION.
        - Can yield 15 million tons od speed (@1.5 tons/Hectare )
        - 4.0 million tons of oil.
        - An equivalent amount of biodiesel, almost one tenth requirement of diesel in the country.
        -  Enormous employment generation potential in rural areas.  
         *If only 1 person/family is employed per 5 hectares for                 jatropha cultivation, additional 2 million new jobs.  
         * 200 new extraction units of 250 tpd capacity to crush the seeds.  
        -  11 Million tons of excelent organic manure.  
        -  0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol.

    EFFECT ON RURAL ECONOMY
      1. Seed price Rs. 4/Kg.
      1. Seed yield 3000Kg / hectare.
      1. 5 hectare plantation / family.
      1. Rs. 60, 000 / year income.

    Additionally :

    • Wast lands converted to productive national assets.

      1. Creation of jobs in downstream processing.
      1. GAINFUL employment in rural sector.
      1. Contribution to national energy pool.

    INDIAN INITIATIVE ON BIODIESEL
      1.  Indian Govt. has taken a serious note of Biodiesel
      1.  Planning Commission has set up committees on;
      1.  Product development
      1.  Engine studies
      1.  Legal regulations
      1.  Plantations
      1.  Specifications
      1.  Marketing
      1.  Environmental issues  

        REPORT PRESENTED

    WHY BIODIESEL IMPORTANT FOR RAILWAY  
      1. Indian Rail has very large available land
      1. Biodiesel will help Railways to :  
        * Improve upon emission norms  
        * Eventually reduce diesel cost
        * Contribute to Environment protection

    BIODIESEL-INDIAN RAILWAYS ACTIONS TAKEN

    • given to

    • RDSO

    • Railway Board

    • Hon’able MR

    • Task force Setup

       Indianoil as partner in development - testing - supply
       PARTNERSHIP OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

    		 
     
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